Machiavelli Plato Rebuplic Prince Comparison - 1419 Words

Haà ¾im Cihan Demirkà ¶prà ¼là ¼, 20303433 Essay Question: Compare the Characteristics of the true guardians, as described by Plato (Republic, bk VII, pp.158 #8211; 61, 484b #8211; 487e) with the characteristics of the rulers, as described by Machiavelli (The Prince, ch.15, pp. 47 #8211; 49 and ch. 18, pp.54f). What is the most important difference between the two accounts? In your view, which account is better, and why? For centuries, every ruler created their own principles and rules and somehow they ruled millions of people and controlled their future. In this essay, I will try to compare the characteristics of two types of ruler, one is Plato#8217;s true guardian where he mentions in the Republic and the other one, Niccolà ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦On the other hand, a true guardian, who searches for justice and wisdom in his all time an all life, couldn#8217;t be afraid of death which overshadows his path to the justice. Rulers need to stand bravely, in order to find goodness. So that, Plato definitely rejects co wardice and slavishness, where he signifies that #8220;then it seems a cowardly and slavish nature will take no part in the philosophy#8221; [Republic, p.160, 486a #8211; b]. Shortly , Plato says that, a ruler, should be naturally #8220;good at remembering, quick to learn, high minded, graceful, and a friend and relative of truth, justice, courage, and moderation#8221; [Republic, p.161, 487a]. These characteristics truly show the idealistic position of Plato. He tries to create a perfect ruler for his utopian world kallipolis. But, not surprisingly, Machiavelli is against this imaginary ruler. Although it would be marvelous if a ruler have all these good qualities, he believes that a ruler who has all of these good characteristics cannot exist in practice [Selected Political Writings, The Prince ch. 15, p.48]. For him this image is suitable only for an ideal world. Unlike Plato, Machiavelli highlights that in practical reality, for a ruler, who wants to hold on to power, it is necessary to learn how not to be good. Misery, cruelty, duplicity, irreligion or untrustworthiness are evil qualities, for

Mohism and Mencius’ Thought - 2198 Words

Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy Instructor: Masayuki Sato Mid-Term Paper Question 1: Do you think which doctrine was really helpful for saving people from their destitute condition between Mohism and Mencius’ thought, and why? When we put the two philosopher’s thoughts together, we can see one striking commonality. Both of them were against aggressive way and emphasized the importance of caring for the welfare of the state’s people. Ideologies that run in opposite directions also exist between the two thoughts. Eventually, it came down to how their teachings were carried out and their applicability to the lives of the lower class people, which determined which one of them, truly was the more helpful one. Mencius,†¦show more content†¦In retrospect, as subtle and incongruent as certain Mohism principles might seem to be, its core principles and teachings appealed more to the people of that time. The practicality and applicability of Mohism served the people of that time better as they were aimed at changing their circumstances and improving their lives. His criticism of the excesses of the powerful made him a champion among the common people and became a â€Å"voice† for them. Question 2: Try to conjecture the reason that Confucianism has been so dominant for the ongoing two millennia of Chinese society and culture? The Analects, a record of the words, acts and discussions of Chinese philosopher Confucius and his disciples, has been said to be the â€Å"Bible† of the Chinese people. 2000 years on, it is still setting the standards for individual conducts, administration of governments and communities. How has his teachings inspired a way of life that has been so dominant until today? The growth and success of Chinese societies worldwide have bore testament to his teachings. Confucian culture has outperformed others in more ways than one. When people see a correlation between gaining positive results and outcomes, and the practice of his philosophy, the belief grows. As a result of this, people continue to believe and attempt to live by his philosophies, in the hope of attaining the same success. To understand how Confucius could make such a change in China weShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophies Are Confucianism, Mohism And Legalism1497 Words   |  6 Pagesfifth century BC with Confucius and changed and evolved as other philosophers built off Confucian ideas and challenged Confucian ideas. Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi are three different philosophers from Chinese history who have three opposing views in their philosophical ideas of society and human nature. These three philosophies are Confucianism, Mohism and Legalism. 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Analysing Carbon Emissions From Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(89) " have shown that increased GHG degrees in ambiance are believed to do planetary heating\." The anthropogenetic CO2 emanations and planetary heating has alarmed worldly to happen new and better ways to run into the energy demand while cut downing the GHGs. Pakistan is besides badly affected by energy crisis and environmental jobs. Pakistan brick kilns are one of the major fluke gas emanation resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysing Carbon Emissions From Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intent of this research is to develop a simulation theoretical account to relieve CO2 emanations and utilize it for the production of fertiliser that helps the agribusiness needs and economic system. The widely used MEA dissolver to capture flue gases is replaced by Aqueous Ammonia because the subsequently non merely absorbs all three major acid gases ( CO2, SO2 and NO2 ) to greater extent but besides produces a compound fertiliser from these acid gases which has advantage over other fertilisers and does non pollute the land H2O. It has been found that soaking up efficiency is increased with addition of NH3/CO2 molar ratio. This methodological analysis has been first clip introduced in Pakistan to bring forth a fertiliser from the flue gases of brick kilns. This technique can significantly cut down air pollution and a measure towards sustainability. The phenomenon of planetary heating has changed its form and converted itself to planetary warning. It is due to non merely the monolithic emanation of GHGs in the ambiance but besides deficiency of appropriate direction system to cut down the monolithic sum of the GHG. GHG chiefly consists of CO2, H2O bluess, methane and last but non least choloroflorocarbon. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , about three-quarterss of the addition in atmospheric CO2 is attributable to firing fossel fuels. [ IPCC, Climate Change 2001: impacts, version and exposure. Contribution of working group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ; 2001. ] If the C in all the estimated dodo fuel militias were emitted to the ambiance, the C concentration would lift to more than 5 times pre-industrial degree. [ O’Neill BC, Oppenheimer M. Climate Change: Dangerous Climate impacts and the Kyot o protocol, Science 2002 ; 296 ( 5575 ) :1971-2. ] With mention to the IPCC anticipation, the ambiance would incorporate up to 570 ppm of CO2 by the terminal of 2100, doing a rise of mean planetary temperature of around 1.9o ­C and an addition in average sea degree of 3.8 m [ Stewart C, Hessami M.A survey of methods of C dioxide gaining control and sequestration- the sustainability of a photosynthetic bioreactor attack, Energy Convers Manage 2005 ; 46 ; 403-20 ] . Another IPCC studies on CO2 gaining control and storage gives planetary CO2 emanation in 2000 at 23.5GT with about 60 % of this attributed to 7887 beginnings above 100,000 tonne/year including 4942 electrical power Stationss which emitted 10.5GT/year CO2. the staying 40 % emanations were chiefly from transit systems. [ IEA particular study on C dioxide gaining control and storage, IPCC web site: www.ipcc.ch ; 2005 ] . Other than power workss and cars brick kilns are besides lending in environmental pollution. Coal and wood are normally employed in the fabrication of bricks in Pakistan. The burning of coal and wood release C dioxide, methane, C atom, azotic oxide and a assortment of manufactured chemicals that do non happen in nature like Chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, C monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, ( NMHCs ) and nitrogen oxides [ 2 ] . Harmonizing to our appraisal there are more than 1000 brick kilns working in the locality of Lahore. The one-year production of bricks is about 46 million per twelvemonth from more than 6000 brick kilns in Pakistan. The emanations from Brick Kiln industry in Pakistan is at scaring degree. It has been estimated that about 533019 dozenss of untreated nursery gases are emitted from these kilns on one-year footing which contribute in assorted environmental jobs can be observed in table 1. [ 2 ] . The tallness of chimney is besides non high plenty because of which the somberness leans downwards to the land, finally fouling the country. Table 1: CO2 Emissions of states of Pakistan State Probationary Division Green Houses Gases Emission ( tons/year ) Green Houses Gases Emission % age Punjab Entire 479467 89.96 Sindh Entire 34332 6.44 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Entire 14745 2.76 Balochistan Entire 4475 0.84 Grand Total 533019 100 Figure 1: Pakistan CO2 emanation ( metric dozenss per capita ) Figure 2: Word CO2 emanation ( metric dozenss per capita ) Emissions from Brick kiln: The emanations from Brick Kiln industry in Pakistan is at scaring degree. The values of GHGs release calculated from the up matching to 6000 brick units established in the state are 139600, 19600, 495200, 2100, 360, 17 and 540 T severally for entire C ( C ) , C dioxide ( CO ) , C dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane CH4, azotic oxide ( NO ) , nitrogen dioxide ( N2O ) and NOx. It is apparent that GHGs emanations are dominated by C dioxide ( CO2 ) followed by CO and other non- CO2 gases. Projected parts of GHGs from the Punjab state to the state ‘s entire emanations are highest which can be observed in the Table 1. [ 2 ] . Environmental Issue: Environmental issues due to emanations of pollutants from burning of fossil fuels have turned into planetary jobs, every bit good as air toxics and nursery gases ( GHGs ) . The usage of fossil fuels for energy contributes to a figure of environmental jobs globally. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) [ 1 ] , about three-quarterss of the addition in atmospheric CO2 is attributable to firing fossil fuels. Table 2 shows the harmful pollutants released into the ambiance from combustion of fossil fuels. If the C in all of the estimated dodo fuel militias were emitted to the ambiance, the C concentration would lift to more than 5 times pre-industrial degrees [ 2 ] . Table 2: Fossil fuel emanation degrees ( pounds/billion BTU of energy input ) Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal Carbon dioxide 117000 164000 208000 Carbon monoxide 40 33 208 Nitrogen oxide 92 448 457 Sulphur oxide 1 1122 2591 Particulates 7 84 2744 Mercury 0.00 0.007 0.016 Entire 117140 165687.007 214000.016 Beginning: EIA Surveies have shown that increased GHG degrees in ambiance are believed to do planetary heating. You read "Analysing Carbon Emissions From Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Among these GHGs, CO2 makes up a high proportion in regard of its sum nowadays in the ambiance, lending 60 per centum of planetary heating effects [ 3 ] . World Consumption of Fertilizer World fertiliser ingestion increased exponentially in the period 1950- 1990. This growing was spurred by the rise in nutrient demand by increasing universe population. Achieving higher production given the same sum of land can be done through three ways. Turning more land into cultivable land through better irrigation Using High Yielding Seeds ( HYS ) Using fertilisers to better dirt content Improvement in dirt content is the most convenient and often followed method. Furthermore, it has gained widespread usage as nutrient demand rises. The exponential growing in universe fertiliser ingestion experienced a brief downswing in the early 1990 ‘s due to the prostration of fertiliser ingestion in the states of cardinal Europe and the Former Soviet Union, following structural alterations and economic jobs. However station that brief downswing, growing in fertiliser ingestion is once more on the rise and rapid growing is expected to go on in the hereafter. Harmonizing to IFA estimations, the universe fertiliser ingestion is expected to make 199.2mntpa in 2030 from 174.7mntpa in 2015. Figure 3: World Fertilizer Consumption Measure towards Sustainability It is clear that CO2 is the chief constituent that is present in surplus more than other pollutants and fouling the environment. To maintain the environment clean such techniques must be employed that non merely capture the CO2 and other gases and besides utilize them to bring forth a valuable merchandise from these flue gases. This thing will assist in economic system and maintain the environment clean and finally capturing and transition of CO2 from flue gases into a valuable fertiliser ( NH4HCO3 ) is so the first measure towards sustainability. Work The Aqueous ammonium hydroxide is used as a dissolver to capture the fluke gases breathing from the brick kiln which non merely captures CO2, but besides SO2 and NOx. The ammonia solution after soaking up was found to incorporate ammonium hydrogen carbonate [ NH4HCO3 ] , ammonium sulphate [ ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ] , and ammonium nitrate [ NH4NO3 ] , which comprise a compound fertiliser Figure 4: the fluke gases CO2, SO2 and NOx from the stack of brick kiln are breathing. The reaction of aqueous ammonium hydroxide with CO2 non merely captures CO2 but besides give a by-product ; ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) used a fertiliser Absorption ability of Aqueous Ammonia Vs MEA MEA Process Amine soaking up engineering The soaking up engineering which uses amine solution ( MEA ) is being used in natural gas industry for 60 old ages and is considered as a mature engineering. Natural gas industry utilizes MEA to absorb CO2 from natural gas. The remotion of CO2 from burning fluke gas can be done by a figure of commercial MEA soaking up processes. In an absorbent, the MEA solution is allowed to hold a contact with fluke gas which consequences in the soaking up of CO2. When used in a power works, CO2 is entrapped by the dissolver while the fluke gas is bubbled through the dissolver in a jammed absorber column. Subsequently the captive CO2 is stripped off of the dissolver by counter fluxing steam at 100 to 200 grade Celsius in a regenerator unit. CO2 watercourse is concentrated ( up to 99 % ) due to the vaporization of H2O bluess and this watercourse can subsequently be compressed for commercial applications or storage. The procedure is economically hapless as it calls for a big equipment and intensive e nergy input. Recycle rate of CO2 for MEA is 98 % : The basic reaction for this procedure is: C2H4OHNH2+H2O+CO2C2H4OHNH3++HCO3- Disadvantages of MEA procedure MEA procedure bears some defects which are: 1. Loading capacity of CO2 is little 2. Equipments confronts high corrosion rates 3. High absorptive make-up rate is generated by amine debasement chiefly because of SO2, NO2, HCl, HF and O in fluke gas 4. Energy ingestion is really high particularly during high temperature absorbent regeneration When the CO2 is entrapped from coal or crude oil derived burning fluke gas, hints of sulphur dioxide should besides be removed to avoid debasement of MEA by SO2 and O meanwhile irreversible debasement merchandises are constituted. The cost of MEA procedure is high on history of debasement even if all of the SO2 is removed from the fluke gas by using a desulphurization unit. Oxides of N should besides be dispatched organize the fluke gas to maintain up the emanation bounds. Figure 5: Degradation MEA by CO2 and O2 The cost of MEA make-up is high because of debasement, even after most of the SO2 is removed from the fluke gas in an upstream fluke gas desulphurization unit. NOx must besides be finally removed from the fluke gas before it is discharged into the air in order to run into present and future gaseous emanation bounds. Advantages of Aqueous Ammonia over MEA Replacement of widely used MEA procedure by individual Aqua Ammonia procedure can ensue in the gaining control of all three major acid gases along with HCl and HF which might be in the fluke gas. Since emanations of SO2 and NOx must maintain up certain emanation bounds, a individual procedure is more than plenty to cut down the capital cost by capturing all the acid gases and besides simplify the complexness of emanation control system. Presently there is no emanation bound on CO2 but clip is non far off when it will besides hold a restricted emanation bound. Sulpher dioxide and O in flue gases can bring on equipment corrosion ; the Aqua Ammonia Process can acquire over this job by cut downing absorptive make-up rate. Another advantage of the Aqua Ammonia procedure over the MEA procedure is that the energy demand for absorptive regeneration is predicted to be really low. Beforehand it was approximated that thermic energy ingestion for CO2 regeneration utilizing the Aqua Ammonia Proce ss could be at least 75 % less than the MEA procedure. Many other economical grounds are besides at that place to back up the ammonium hydroxide procedure The profitable by-products, ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) ammonium sulphate ( ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ) and ammonium nitrate ( NH4NO3 ) are produced, used as a fertiliser Advantage of production of NH4HCO3 China had been preferring ammonium carbonate as a N fertiliser for about 30 old ages. It is already elaborated that when ammonium carbonate is used as a nitrogen fertiliser deep in the dirt its action of work is merely similar urea and ammonium sulfate. As we know that carbonates react with alkalic Earth minerals ( Ca, Mg ) ensuing in the formation of carbonated minerals. Excessive usage of land H2O may do high degrees of alkaline minerals in dirts as in the western United States ; the hydrogen carbonate from ammonium carbonate non merely neutralizes alkalic species but besides deoxidizes salt into stable compounds like H2O and Ca carbonate. HCO3-+Ca2++OH-H2O+CaCO3v Solid merchandises like CaCO3 are a absolutely stable signifier of cloistered CO2 ( Fig. ) . Furthermore, dirt had a capableness to move as a engagement stuff which held back NH4+ but allow HCO3- dribble down with rainfalls or irrigation to land H2O which was already enriched with alkalic minerals Ca2+ . Consequently carbonates reacted with alkalic minerals in land H2O ensuing in the deposition of carbonated minerals in the undersoil Earth bed ( fig. 5A ) . Dirt atoms are negatively charged therefore it attracts positively charged ions but repel negative ions due to its higher affinity for positively charged species ( NH4+ ) as compared to negatively charged species ( HCO3- ) . Figure 6: There upon when ammonium nitrate is used as a fertiliser, NO3- over flows with H2O which non merely consequences in the want of the fertiliser but besides taint of land H2O. Carbonates are non as unsafe species as nitrates because those do non do wellness jobs therefore NH4HCO3 and ( NH2 ) 2CO are preferred fertilisers. Groundwater motion takes carbonates to the Earth subsurface every bit deep as 500 to 1000 m where they deposits as carbonated minerals Figure 7: Loss of fertiliser and taint of land H2O by utilizing NH4NO3 It is obvious that use of NH4NO3 as fertiliser contaminates the land H2O and NO3- is easy run off where as when NH4HCO3 is used as a fertiliser could cut down the job of NO3- overflow and does non pollute the land H2O. Methodology Aqueous Ammonia Procedure It has been proposed that the widely utilised MEA procedure is replaced with aqueous ammonium hydroxide procedure to capture all three major acid gases ( SO2, NOx, CO2 ) plus HCl and HF, which may co-exist in the fluke gas. Since SO2 and NOx emanations must stay by with certain emanation bounds, a individual procedure to capture all acidic gases is expected to cut down the sum cost and complexness of emanation control systems. Unlike the MEA procedure, the Aqua Ammonia Process ( AAP ) is non expected to hold absorptive debasement jobs that are caused by sulfur dioxide and O in fluke gas nor is it expected to do equipment corrosion. The application of ammonium hydroxide for coincident decrease of SO2, NOx and quicksilver has besides been reported [ 31 ] . Different theoretical accounts and methods have been proposed and tested. In our theoretical account, we have chosen Aqueous ammonium hydroxide as the dissolver. The theoretical account was developed on HYSYS 3.2. General NRTL was selected as the fluid bundle. This unstable bundle is rather various and it non merely accommodates the belongingss of our system constituents but besides the aqueous and assorted solvent systems. The flow-sheet of our theoretical account is shown in Fig. 3 Flue gas enters the absorber from the underside to the top through the absorber where interacts in counter-clock manner with aqueous ammonium hydroxide dissolver ( NH3+H2O ) Table 3: Flue gas composing from brick kiln Sr. Number Component Mole Percentage 1 N2 71 2 Carbon dioxide 6.06 3 Carbon monoxide 3.94 4 NO2 8.89 5 Water 3.11 6 H2 2.12 7 SO2 4.88 Procedure Chemistry The procedure of soaking up of CO2 by aqueous ammonium hydroxide involves a complex chemical gas-liquid reaction [ 1 ] , whose general chemical reaction look follows: NH3+H2O+CO2NH4HCO3 ( 1 ) In fact, there are a series of in-between reaction procedures incorporated: NH3+CO2NH2COONH4 ( 2 ) NH2COONH4 hydrolyzes into NH4HCO3: NH2COONH4+H2ONH4HCO3+NH3 ( 3 ) Besides, ammonium hydroxides can respond with H2O to make NH4OH: NH3+H2ONH4OH ( 4 ) NH4HCO3 produced by hydrolytic reaction will respond with NH4OH to make ( NH4 ) 2CO3: NH4HCO3+NH4OH ( NH4 ) 2CO3 ( 5 ) ( NH4 ) 2CO3 absorbs CO2 and creates NH4HCO3 ( NH4 ) 2CO3+H2O+CO22NH4HCO3 ( 6 ) Spraying aqueous ammonium hydroxide into fluke gas non merely captures CO2 but besides absorbs hints of SOx and NOx from the fluke gas in conformity with the undermentioned chemical equations: NOx+SOx+H2OHNO3+H2SO4 ( 7 ) HNO3+H2SO4+NH3NH4NO3+ ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ( 8 ) The merchandise formed ammonium hydrogen carbonate ( NH4HCO3 ) has been used as a N fertiliser in China for over 30 old ages. It has been good demonstrated that when NH4HCO3 is placed into deep dirt, its nitrogen fertilisation consequence on harvests is similar to that of other N fertilisers, such as ( NH4 ) 2SO4 and urea. The intent of this work is to relieve the emanation of CO2 from the selected brick kiln, as this gas is among the major perpetrators doing green-house consequence which has finally resulted in drastic and black conditions alterations and temperature-rise to alarming degrees across the Earth. Each twelvemonth the add-on of Carbon dioxide entirely from the brick industry of Pakistan is 35072.65. Gas soaking up has so far been the most utile and advantageous technique which has been covered good in the subdivision station C techniques. Experimental The CO2 soaking up rate surveies were performed in an absorber in dynamic simulation environment on hysys 3.2. shown in Figure 3. The temperature of gases breathing from top of the brick kilns is in the scope of 120 to 150 A ; deg ; C. The composing of the flue gasses were found utilizing industrial burning and emanation analyser ( E8500, USA ) which is shown in Table 2. Aqueous Ammonia solution is passed through a ice chest in order to diminish the temperature of aqueous ammonium hydroxide temperature, as it gives best consequence at low temperature, introduced from top of the column through valve. The fluke gas is introduced through from the underside of an absorber through a pump that increases its flow rate. In absorber counter flow soaking up takes topographic point and as a consequence, most of the CO2, SOx and NOx are absorbed and a by-product, NH4HCO3, is produced, which is widely used as fertiliser. Figure 8: Procedure flow sheet Absorber Design In our Hysys theoretical account we selected an absorber for the soaking up of flue gases. We used different temperature force per unit area conditions for absorber in order to the happen the best soaking up efficiency and cipher the no. of phases. We found that after nine plates the soaking up efficiency is decreased as shown in graph, and maximal soaking up is achieved utilizing aqueous ammonium hydroxide in an absorber of nine home bases. Figure 9: No of phases Vs mole fraction of CO2 absorbed In our HYSYS theoretical account, we varied different parametric quantities ( i.e. Temperature, Pressure, Flow-rate, Aqueous Ammonia concentration etc. ) and examined the resulting per centum of CO2 absorbed. Consequences and Discussion The rate of soaking up is affected by variables such as temperature, force per unit area, flow-rate, solvent per centum etc. all these variables were manipulated to analyze their consequence on soaking up with the aid of ensuing tabular arraies and tendencies. The consequences of all these parametric alterations are discussed one by one. Consequence of Flow rate on CO2 Absorption: The consequences obtained by simulation of our HYSYS theoretical account show understanding with the standard findings that there is addition in soaking up with that of addition in flow rate. In our HYSYS theoretical account, we used different flow-rates and it has been found that soaking up efficiency is increased with addition of NH3/CO2 molar ratio as shown in Fig. At about a NH3/CO2 molar ratio of approximately 1.5, the highest CO2 soaking up efficiency was measured at approximately 97 % and 100 % for instance of NOx and SOx. In our simulation theoretical account at 230kgmole/hr the maximal soaking up of 97 % of CO2 is observed. At high flow rate i.e. after 230 kilogram mol/hr the consequence of flow rate on soaking up does non demo the same increasing tendency. Model with different fluctuation of temperature was simulated but here the coincident consequence of flow rate between 20 A ; deg ; C to 30 A ; deg ; C on soaking up of CO2 have been shown Figure 10: Molar ratio of NH3/CO2 Vs CO2 Absorbed % Figure 11: Consequence of flow rate of Aq.NH3 on soaking up of CO2 Consequence of Temperature on CO2 Absorption: It is a good known fact that temperature is reciprocally related to the rate of soaking up, our simulation theoretical account besides gives the correspondent consequences. The system temperature was varied from 15 A ; deg ; C to 40 A ; deg ; C with different solvent per centum ( 10.5 % , 14 % and 20 % ) and there was a grade lessening in soaking up rate with the increasing temperature and addition in soaking up with lessening in temperature. The ensuing graph is shown. Figure 10: Consequence of Temperature on CO2 soaking up Consequence of NH3 concentration in solution on soaking up rate The effects of ammonia concentration on CO2 soaking up rate are shown in graph. As the CO2 soaking up reaction progresses, the rates are higher for the solutions with higher ammonium hydroxide concentrations. As expected, CO2 took longer to divide through the solutions holding higher ammonia concentration. For overall absorptive of CO2, the information forms indicate out that it is more advantageous to utilize a higher concentration ammonia solution as CO2 absorbent. The decisions are the same at all three reaction temperatures. By utilizing 20 % AA at 15 A ; deg ; C 96 % maximal soaking up is observed. Therefore 20 % AA solution was selected as the optimal solution. Decision In this work, a theoretical account has been developed and simulated, which aims at the control of CO2 gas which is continuously come ining to the environment from the brick industry in Pakistan and bring forth a fertiliser from the flue gases. It is for the first clip that the brick industry in Pakistan has been analyzed with this position that by spraying aqueous ammonium hydroxide into existent fluke gas produced by a brick kiln can non merely gaining control CO2 but besides absorb SO2 and NOx from the fluke gas and specially gives a compound fertiliser as a by-product. Presently, there is merely one known commercial procedure that uses ammonium hydroxide to at the same time take SO2 and NOx from fluke gas within one reactor and bring forth assorted ammonium sulfate and nitrate fertiliser The soaking up efficiency of CO2, SO2, and NOx in existent fluke gas from a coal-burning installation varies depending on the reaction conditions. The soaking up efficiency of CO2 and SO2 was found to increase with an addition in the concentration of aqueous ammonium hydroxide. Over the NH3/CO2 molar ratio of 1 to 1.5 that was tested, and maximum the CO2 gaining control efficiency was measured at 1.5 is 97 % . The aqueous ammonium hydroxide soaking up solution was found to incorporate a assorted crystalline of ammonium hydrogen carbonate [ NH4HCO3 ] , ammonium sulphate [ ( NH4 ) 2SO4 ] , and ammonium nitrate [ NH4NO3theiˆ ] chief constituents of a compound fertiliser. The captive CO2 in the aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution is in the signifier of HCO3 – and CO3 -2. For a certain molar ratio of NH3/CO2, there is a balanced concentration of HCO3 – and CO3 -2 in the assorted ammonia solution. By spraying the assorted ammonia solution into flue gas incorporating CO2, higher NH4HCO3 content ( higher HCO3 – concentration ) in assorted solution can be obtained. 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Second-hand Smoking in the Home with Children

Question: Describe about second-hand smoking in the home with children? Answer: Involuntary inhalation of second-hand smoke in homes exposes children to some health risks. The second-hand smoke contains several carcinogenic compounds and makes the environment in which children live and play saturated with toxic substances because the adults are sharing the living space smoke indoors and cause exposure to tobacco smoke. According to US Environment Protection Agency, no levels of tobacco smoke are safe for human beings. The World Health Organisation estimates that half of the world's children suffer from exposure to second-hand smoking at home. Exposure increases risk of respiratory tract infections, middle ear inflammation, and affects lung function. Sudden infant death syndrome, asthma and bronchitis are also due to second-hand smoke exposure in homes. The exposure is particularly severe among infants and young children because they remain at home most of the time. Efforts are being made to intervene and counsel parents who smoke at home to limit exposure to smoke. A study in Armenia assessed the effect of counselling interventions that motivated parents to prevent the inhalation of second-hand smoke by children, mothers and one daily smoking family member was counselled and two follow-up telephonic counselling calls were made. The smoking members were motivated to reduce or quit smoking. The air quality in their homes was assessed, the concentration of nicotine was measured in the children's hair samples. The study concluded that the intervention was effective in reducing the children's exposure to second-hand smoke (Harutyunyan, 2013). Due to a ban on smoking in public spaces and work places, homes and cars are the private spaces where regulation of second-hand smoke is ineffective. But courts are known to favour granting custody of children with respiratory illnesses based on the risk of second-hand smoke exposure to the child. American law now requires foster homes to be free of smoke. (Jarvie, 2008). An increasing number of children in Wales reported that smoking in cars and homes has declined. This change was observed following a 2008 legislation that banned smoking in public spaces (Moore, 2015). In a case study, the author has questioned why repeated exposure to second-hand smoke that puts a child to considerable health risks rather be treated as a case of child abuse. With the parents and family showing little interest in smoking cessation children can end up in intensive care units choking due to repeated exposure (Goldstein, 2015). A review of fifty seven studies motivational interventions to help parents of young children to attempt cessation tried to determine the effectiveness of such programs. The review included studies that employed a range of interventions. Fourteen studies intervened through extensive counselling, nine studies gave brief counselling to parents, two employed telephonic counselling for smoking cessation, eight studies intervened through visits to residences and six studies measured biological parameters to assess the extent of exposure to children. Studies varied on whether participant families had children with illness or without any illness. Whether the children were healthy or unwell, the impact of counselling was same. Effectiveness of a particular method could not be proven as effective in reducing children's exposure to tobacco smoke although some effect on reduced exposure was reported in 7 studies (Baxi, 2014). In a study, an intervention by children's nurses was done to encourage parents to quit smoking to lower the children's risk of tobacco smoke exposure. The validated tool of SiCET (Smoking in children's environment test) for the study in Sweden was employed. Families from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were part of research. Smoking through water pipes for one-hour releases smoke equal to 4 cigarettes, the smoke also contains higher levels of carbon monoxide. Nurses usually find it difficult to start a conversation about smoking, but the SiCET tool equips them to make a discussion with parents about protecting their children from second-hand smoke in the home environment. The fact that the tool is validated gives the nurse and the parents more confidence while discussing smoking cessation or altering smoking behaviour so that exposure to children is minimum. The main objectives of the counselling were to explore the possibility of smoking cessation or altering the smoking behaviour, which meant that the smoking activity took place outdoors to protect the child from second-hand smoke (Carisson, 2011). Nurses can initiate a low-intensity programme for smoking cessation by fathers during visits of children suffering from an illness to a paediatric facility with non-smoking mothers. The latter can in such cases can be helped to promote smoking cessation by their husbands. A large randomised control trial, 1483 non-smoking mothers in Hong Kong, received counselling from nurses. 76% of women in the intervention group helped their husbands to quit smoking than the 65% women in the control group. Their knowledge about the hazardous effects of smoking on children's health equipped them better to convince their husbands to stop smoking. (Chen, 2013). There are instances where family members other than parents are smokers, such as grandparents. In such a scenario the parents are aware and want to protect the child from harm, but since it is a sensitive issue, they do not know how to go about it. Nurses can in certain cases such as these suggest ways, methods and means to handle the issue which may bring about the possible respite to children from second-hand smoke in the home environment. Since homes are private spaces, it is difficult to ban smoking through legislation. However, some governments are considering a ban on smoking in cars where children are travelling with adults and are also private spaces. Smoke-free homes are ideal for bringing up children. As the legislation against smoking in public and work spaces has caused some people to quit smoking, safeguarding kids from the effects of smoking at home may also help parents to quit smoking. Smoke-free home environments for infants and young children have been the focus of several studies. A review of studies on interventions carried out from 2000 to 2014 analysed parents who were counselled to stop smoking and their new born to one-year-old children were part of most of these studies. The parents were more likely to alter smoking behaviour to reduce the child's exposure are more likely than to achieve total cessation. When children are living with asthma they can possibly die if the parents' smoking behaviour does not change. Even third-hand smoke (toxic remnants of tobacco smoke on clothes, hair and other surfaces) is deleterious to the health of children. Growing children with parents who smoke are more likely to start smoking as adolescents. When both parents are smokers the likelihood of such impact on behaviour is considerably higher (Brown, 2015). Conclusion The harmful effects of passive smoking and second-hand smoke on children' s health are manifold. From respiratory problems to behavioural impact, smoking with-in- the- home environments is found to have serious consequences concerning the physical and mental health of growing children. The point of contact of parents with nurses offers ample chance for the nurse to intervene and make provision to follow-up the motivation for parents so that they can stop smoking or, at least, alter their behaviour and smoke outdoors. A suffering child can create an adequate impact on parental smoking behaviour if the paediatric nurse intervenes at the right juncture. The nursing staff educates about the actual harm that second-hand smoke can cause. Intervention can be done through counselling, telephonic follow-ups, pamphlets, books and videos. References: Baxi, R., Sharma, M., Roseby, R., Polnay, A., Priest, N., Waters, E., Spence, N. Webster, P. (2014). Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Cochrane database systemic review, 3, CD001746. Brown, N., Luckett, T., Davidson, P.M., Giacomo, M.D. (2015). Interventions to Reduce Harm from Smoking with Families in Infancy and Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. International journal for environmental research and public health, 12(3), 30913119. Carisson, N. A., Alegahan, S., Gare, B.A., Johansson, A., (2011). "Smoking in Children's Environment Test": a qualitative study of experiences of a new instrument applied in preventive work in child health care. BMC Pediatrics, 11(113). Chen, S.S., Wong, D.C.N., Lam, T.-H. (2013). Will mothers of sick children help their husbands to stop smoking after receiving a brief intervention from nurses? Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics, 13(50), 13: 50. Goldstein, A. (2015). Is Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Child Abuse? Yes. Annals of family medicine, 13(2), 103104. Harutyunyan, A., Movsisyan, N., Petrosyan, V., Petrosyan, D., Stillman, F. (2013). Reducing Childrens Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics, 132(6), 1071-80. Jarvie, J. A., Malone, R.V. (2008). Children's Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Private Homes and Cars: An Ethical Analysis. American journal of public health, 98(12), 21402145. Moore, G.A., Moore, L., Littlecott, H.J., Ahmed, N., Lewis, S., Sulley, G., Jones, E., Holliday, J. (2015). Prevalence of smoking restrictions and child exposure to secondhand smoke in cars and homes: a repeated cross-sectional survey of children aged 10-11 years in Wales. BMJ Open, 5(1), e006914.

Critical Lens Hamlet And Luther Essays - Characters In Hamlet

Critical Lens: Hamlet and Luther In many novels, plays, and works of literature, the hero is brought falls as a result of error in judgement or some other flaw. The audience feels the appropriate emotions such as pity or fear for the hero. One work I have read that supports this statement is Hamlet by William Shakespeare in which the hero is Hamlet himself. Another character that experiences falls because of flawed judgement is Martin Luther from the drama Luther by John Osborn. In Hamlet, the main character experiences many falls because of his flaws. This main character is Hamlet. His main flaw is, of course, his inability to act and his obsession with thought and not action. Throughout the play, Hamlet stresses over the death of his father and he concentrates on trying to confirm if his Uncle Claudius really did kill him. The ghost of his late father already explained to Hamlet that Claudius killed him with poison in his ear, but Hamlet continues to investigate to delay the actions that he is destined to do. Hamlet delays his actions because he is uncomfortable with impulsive action. He claims the need to verify that Claudius was actually the murderer. Hamlet goes so far as to put on a play mirroring the actions of the incident that his father described to him to watch the reaction of Claudius when he sees it. He also delays his actions because he is scared of what he inevitably has to do, which is to kill his uncle. Hamlet's flaw, his inability to act, brings falls to himself. One of his falls is that he loses Ophelia. This triggers a feeling of sadness for him from the audience. Another, bigger flaw is that he delays killing his uncle in revenge so long that it leads to his own death. He drops more and more hints as to his knowledge of what really happened that he puts himself in a lot of danger. Finally, Claudius and Laertes plan the murder of Hamlet, which of course, results in the deaths of Hamlet, Claudius, Laertes, and Queen Gertrude. This ?fall? triggers an also appropriate sadness from the audience. In the drama Luther, the main character, Martin Luther, experiences personal spiritual falls because of a character flaw. His flaw is that he is obsessed with perfection. He strives to be a perfect brother in the monastery and to carry out all his vows perfectly. Martin Luther tries to make no mistakes in his speeches and live his life without human sins. The stress this puts on him results in one fall, his problems with constipation. This example of his constipation brings the feelings of sadness to the audience. Another more dramatic fall is his excommunication from the Church. His preoccupation with perfection is what made him criticize the Church. When he saw the corruption in the Church, he wanted to change it and make it perfect and make it abide by its own rules. Martin Luther saw the indulgences being sold as ?tickets to heaven? and forgiveness of sins, in advance, for money. He thought that these indulgences were corrupt and he spoke out against them and many other corrupt things the Church did. He got excommunicated for speaking out against what he wanted to reform. This fall, his excommunication, brings the appropriate empathy for the character Luther, because he caused it because he is flawed in his pursuit of perfection which led to his fall. In conclusion, the central figure in many works of literature has a flaw or error in judgement that leads to their personal falls, or reversal of situation, passing from happiness to misery. These falls bring feelings of pity and/or fear to the audience. The two examples I discussed were Luther from Luther and Hamlet from Hamlet (haha). They both had character flaws that brought changes in their life for the worse.

Green Card Program for Rich Foreigners is Fraud Risk, GAO Says

Green Card Program for Rich Foreigners is Fraud Risk, GAO Says A federal government program that helps wealthy foreigners get temporary U.S citizenship â€Å"green cards† is a bit too easy to trick, says the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). The program is called the EB-5 immigrant investor program. The U.S. Congress created it in 1990 as an economic stimulus measure, but legislation funding the program is due to expire on December 11, 2015, leaving lawmakers scrambling to revise and revive it. One proposal would raise the minimum required investment to as much as $1.2 million, while retaining same the job creation requirements. To qualify for the EB-5 program, immigrant applicants must agree to invest either $1 million in a U.S. business that is to create at least 10 jobs, or $500,000 in a business located in an area that is considered rural or has an unemployment rate at least 150% of the national average rate. Once they qualify, the immigrant investors are eligible for conditional citizenship status allowing them to live and work in the United States. After 2 years of living in the United States, they can apply to have the conditions for legal permanent residency removed. In addition, they can apply for full U.S. citizenship after 5 years of living in the United States. So, What Are the EB-5 Problems? In a report requested by Congress, the GAO found that efforts by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) detect and prevent fraud in the EB-5 visa program have been lacking, thus making it hard to determine program’s actual positive impact on the economy, if any. Fraud in the EB-5 program ranges from participants overstating job creation figures to applicants using illegally gained funds to make their initial investments. In one example reported to the GAO by the U.S. Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate, an EB-5 applicant concealed his financial interests in a number of brothels in China. The application was ultimately denied. Drug trade is one of the most common sources of illicit investment funds used by potential EB-5 program participants. While the GAO gave no details for reasons of national security, there is also a possibility that some applicants for the EB-5 program may have ties to terrorist groups. However, GAO reported that U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, a DHS component, relies too heavily on outdated, paper-based information, thus creating â€Å"significant challenges† to its ability to detecting EB-5 program fraud. The GAO noted that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission reported getting more than 100 tips, complaints, and referrals related to possible securities fraud violations and the EB-5 Program from January 2013 through January 2015. Overstated Success? When interviewed by the GAO, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) reported that from 1990 to 2014, the EB-5 program had generated more than 73,730 jobs while contributing at least $11 billion to the U.S. Economy. But the GAO had a major problem with those figures. Specifically, the GAO stated that â€Å"limitations† in the methods Citizenship and Immigration Services uses to calculate the program’s economic benefit may cause the agency to â€Å"overstate some economic benefits derived from the EB-5 Program.† For example, the GAO found that the USCIS’s methodology assumes that all immigrant investors approved for the EB-5 program will invest all the money required and that that money will be spent totally on the business or businesses in which they claim to be investing. However, GAO’s analysis of actual EB-5 program data revealed that fewer immigrant investors successfully and fully completed the program than were approved in the first place. In addition, â€Å"the actual amount invested and spent in these circumstances is unknown, noted the GAO.

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing - Assignment Example The procedures involved in the investigation include, going through the reports by preceding editors, obtaining information from the management whether any of the officers has been convicted with crime. Carrying out the fact-finding mission of the preceding auditors on management’s integrity, disagreements or any other additional information on why the firm should decline the audit. Finally, there is discussion the potential client with the attorneys and bankers of the entity. The client continuance and acceptance forms facilitate the continuing and prospective client’s investigations. The forms undergo updating and renewal yearly to keep evaluating engagement and association with the client. The investigation of both the new and renewal clients is important for it enables the firm to establish the quality of the client they serve as well as if and they meet the standards. At the same time, the forms are essential in the bid to avoid omissions in the whole process of investigation. On accepting the client or renewing the engagement, the client personnel’s quality should be estimated as high incompetence and integrity. The attributes shape the foundation for evaluating risks at the level of financial statement and gathering facts on audit engagements. Jos A. Bank being a cloth line company, and there are various risks of development of scandals in the business. These are aggravated by the nature of the business. The major factors are those that can lead into fraud and they include the nature of the items in the company, ease with which one can resale the products of the company outside is major risk factor for fraud. The value of the clothes is not so high per piece that makes it easier for the incident of fraud because of the ease with which the products can be gotten out of the premise due to their size. The nature of the environment in the business also is among the risk factors of fraud. There are

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) - Essay Example 45). The key to managing a diverse workforce is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, and age. The locus of change is the individual and change itself is both intra- and inter-personal. This approach is consistent with the preponderance of diversity initiatives undertaken in organizations, which primarily comprise training and development efforts such as diversity awareness training, leadership training, mentoring, and personal support group (Cope 2000, p. 76). A strict code of ethics and social corporate responsibility will ensure that the company value all stakeholders and ensures fair treatment of all groups. Ethics and SCR will ensure high high-standards of performance and ethical norms followed by all employees. The system of inquiry will help to incorporate specific references to such topics as new legal and ethical dimensions, and SCR (Frederick 2000, p. 5). It should be framed so that it is easy to derive from it policies on these and other aspects of conduct at work. It also will provide a basis on which to build training on such problem themes in a way which is convincing even to people who might otherwise consider them to be matters only for campaigning special interest groups (Frederick 2000, p. 23). It is the role of management to act as important activity and to co-ordinate, direct and guide the efforts of members toward the achievement of goals and objectives (Dubbink 2003, pp. 3, 7). Within this process ethics and ethical c ode has a great influence on organization and decision making process as a part of management. the company can donate some money to local church or healthcare organization, finance non-for-profit organization or support R&D activities. The company should consider social issues and environmental influences in making investment decisions (Dubbink 2003, p. 42). Employees, their work safety and health are the main priority. It is important to improve working conditions and introduced health related programs for employee. Also, it is vital for the company to take actions and decrease GHG emissions and negative impact of production on the environment. Question 2 In general, the level of successful performance of a team is influenced by successful or unsuccessful decision-making process, because it involves full discussion and participation. This appears to work best where a high level of interaction is required among all members of the group in order to solve complex problems. The main factors which imperative to effectively measuring the successful performance team performance are team dynamics and cohesion, common language and shared understanding (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 45, 52). Also, it is possible to single out the level of professionalism and leadership qualities of a leader (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 155). "A team leader should bear in mind that low dynamics prevent teams to produce a higher level of output"

The overall importance of the Millenium Development Goals project Essay

The overall importance of the Millenium Development Goals project - Essay Example The Millennium Summit was offered with the details of the Secretary General. The Millennium Forum set further contribution, which gathered delegates of more than 1000 non-governmental as well as civil society establishments from over 100 nations. The Forum gathered during May 2000 to wrap up a two year discussion procedure covering topics such as poverty eradication, ecological safeguard, constitutional rights and safety of the helpless. The sanction of the Millennium Development Goals Project was perhaps the most important result of the Millennium meeting. Within the area of harmony and defence, the implementation of the Brahimi account was perceived as appropriately preparing the association to achieve the authorizations provided by the Security Council (Feeny & Clarke, p. 173, 2009). â€Å"The Millennium Development Goals† (Tankut, p. 76, 2009) derived from the Millennium Declaration generated by the United Nations. The Declaration emphasizes that all human beings has the r ight to solemnity, independence, equal opportunity, an essential level of comfort that incorporates autonomy from starvation and aggression, and supports broad-mindedness as well as harmony. The Millennium Development Goals Project were prepared to ‘operationalize’ these plans by setting aims and signs for poverty decline with the intention of achieving the constitutional rights laid down in the Declaration on a set fifteen year timeline (Tankut, p. 76, 2009). Nonetheless, the Millennium Declaration was just part of the starting points of the Millennium Development Goals Programs. It came about from not only the United Nations but as well the â€Å"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund† (Buvinic et al, p. 221, 2008). The setting took place by a sequence of UN-led conventions in the 1990s concentrating on concerns such as kids, diet, constitutional rights, women and others. On the side of t he Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, there was a disapproval regarding the fall of international Official Development Assistance by most important benefactors. With the beginning of the UN's 50th anniversary, then UN Secretary saw the requirement to deal with the number of advancement concerns. By this time, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development had already created its International Development Goals and it was shared with the UN's attempts during the World Bank's 2001 conference to shape the Millennium Development Goals Programs (United Nations - Halving Hunger, p. 82, 2005). The Millennium Development Goals Programs concentrate on three most important areas of Human progress: strengthening human capital, recovering infrastructure, and boosting communal, financial and political privileges with most of the focus heading in the direction of rising essential standards of living. The aims selected in the human capital focus take account of recov ering nourishment, healthcare and schooling. For the infrastructure focus, the aims take account of recovering infrastructure by means of increasing access to harmless drinking water, power and contemporary information and communication expertise; strengthening farm productivity by means of sustainable traditions; developing transportation infrastructure; and safeguarding the atmosphere (Spratt, p. 382, 2008). Finally, for the communal, financial as well as political rights focus, the aims t

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tacit Knowledge

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tacit Knowledge The research work submitted here gives an idea about how to manage knowledge creation and how those methods used in knowledge management. Knowledge work in an organization and the key aspects tacit and explicit knowledge clearly explained. This paper gives explanation about tacit knowledge, how it is transformed into explicit knowledge among individuals, organization and uses of it, also explains about explicit knowledge working in an organization and what are the uses of it. How new knowledge created based on tacit and explicit knowledge in an organization. Knowledge creation is the main issue in any organization, this paper explains how knowledge creation made with tacit and explicit and how they applied, help organization according to the situation. What type of relation and communication should be maintained between the individuals or staff and also explains what are the key factors to implement knowledge management in an organization to get the desired outputs, results and succe ss. INTRODUCTION: Knowledge management play vital role in present competitive world. Knowledge is the source for any company or organization. It is stored mainly in human brains. Knowledge is a level which is higher than the information. Many humans agree that knowledge is not personal. Knowledge is mainly available in two forms tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is a knowledge which cannot be articulated and not available in the form of data, document. It is highly personal and need some experts to transfer information for tacit to another form of knowledge. It needs face to face communication to transfer knowledge. Second type of knowledge is explicit knowledge. It is quite opposite to tacit. Explicit knowledge can be articulated easily and available in the form of data, document and manuals etc. explicit knowledge does not required experts to transfer information. Every individual can get the required information at any time. Knowledge management is a work environment in which all information and knowledge updated, connected and distributed among individuals of an organization. It is also known as competitive advantage improvement. Knowledge management varies from organization to organization, it involves following factors mainly Creating new knowledge Using knowledge for decision making Processing knowledge Transferring existing knowledge into many forms. Knowledge creation is very important in every organization, this paper clearly explains about knowledge creation in literature review. Tacit and explicit knowledge play main role for the knowledge creation. It exists mainly in four forms socialization, externalization, combination, internalization. Depending on the requirement of tacit and explicit knowledge, knowledge creation is made in the organization. TACIT KNOWLEDGE: Tacit knowledge is a knowledge which cannot be articulated, not expressed in words. This knowledge will not be shown in document and it cannot be said by words. Tacit knowledge word came with Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), he was initially Hungarian medical scientist, his first interest was in physical chemistry and later he turned into philosophy. According to him knowledge is public and also very great extent personal, the basic fundamental point to tacit knowledge is explicit knowledge because tacit knowledge information can be known by learning the explicit knowledge and by doing that. According to Pan and Scarbrough (1999 p362) Tacit knowledge is not available as a text. . . .It involves intangible factors embedded in personal beliefs, experiences, and values. Main problem for tacit knowledge is that, it is not articulated in words. Tacit knowledge will collect the things that we know how to do but do not know how to explain to do that even by symbols. The person having tacit knowledge is very difficult to communicate with the others even by the expressions also. Tacit knowledge depends on some factors to share with others. Action speaks more than words so showing is very easier than telling to transfer tacit knowledge but to do so this one must need to be experienced and professional about that situation. Tacit knowledge is referred to as know how. Once tacit knowledge is transformed to other person it will create a new knowledge, this new one can be tacit knowledge or explicit knowledge and it will depend on other person who is receiving. Example for tacit knowledge is riding a bike even if anyone tells about it in a perfect way, telling will not be implemented in same way. It need some practice to do it. So practice is also plays an important role while implementing tacit knowledge. More examples for this is how to catch a ball, mark a line, tie a knot etc EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE: Explicit knowledge is contrast to tacit knowledge and the name itself says that knowledge something explicit. It can be described as well articulated individually and easily expressible knowledge. This can be expressed in words and verbalized easily in numbers also. Information of this can be shared in the form of data and this type of knowledge can be transferred from one person to another person. Explicit knowledge communicated in the form of hard data or documentation, for this no need of expert person to transform and no need of experience. Explicit knowledge can be conveyed in the form of articles, seminars, books and video presentations easily. Explicit knowledge and information have almost same meaning. In other way explicit knowledge can be regarded as implicit knowledge when expressed turned into information. IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE: Implicit knowledge is a middle level knowledge to both tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. There can be a type of knowledge which is tacit but it can be converted into explicit knowledge. Many organizations will not consider implicit knowledge because organizations need expert level knowledge and one more reason is that implicit knowledge need to be converted into explicit knowledge for this it need expert guide who know about situation. The main goal of organization is to find how much tacit knowledge is present in that data and try to transfer it to explicit knowledge. KNOWLEDGE CREATION: Knowledge creation is possible way to learn someone. There are mainly two types of knowledge, tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Combination of this individual knowledge with other in an organization will create a new knowledge to increase organizational knowledge. The main goal of knowledge creation is to develop business with customers in a well educated way. The following diagrams explains clearly about knowledge creation Knowledge creation in knowledge management is mainly divided into four types depending on the combinations of tacit and explicit knowledge, they are Socialization Tacit to Tacit Externalization Tacit to Explicit Combination Explicit to Explicit Internalization Explicit to Tacit. TACIT TO TACIT: Tacit to tacit knowledge is called as socialization. Socialization means sharing knowledge between individuals. This can be done by people coming together and sharing their personal tacit knowledge with other individuals by spending time living in same environment. Acquiring knowledge from other is not an easy task it involves large support of interaction between the customers and in an organization, in short fundamental part to transfer tacit knowledge in sharing with self-transcendence. In some cases tacit knowledge only shared if one becomes to be free to enlarge tacit information. Acquiring knowledge can be done by walking inside the company and capturing tacit knowledge of other person or transferring ones ideas inside the organization, this involve a great effort to acquire. Direct interaction sharing plays a vital role for this socialization in any organization. TACIT TO EXPLICIT: This type of knowledge creation is known as externalization. As name says it need to be externalized to transfer information from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. It can be done mainly by expression. So showing tacit knowledge rather than doing, by this process tacit knowledge can be easily transferred and understand by others and tacit knowledge will be converted into explicit knowledge Externalization can be said as difference between inner and outer boundaries of ones self. In this externalization individuals shares knowledge with group and become one in group. Externalization needs two main key factors, they are Articulation of tacit knowledge Translating the tacit knowledge of experts So externalization needs some exports to translate tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge EXPLICIT TO EXPLICIT: It is called as combination. It represents transferring some explicit information into more sets of explicit knowledge. Main issues in this are communication, diffusion process and systemization of knowledge. Transferring explicit knowledge into explicit knowledge involves three main steps. First capturing and integrating new explicit knowledge, in this collecting information from the company whether information may be inside or outside the organization. Next step is combining such collected information or data together as in the form of single data, next step is dissemination of explicit knowledge, and this can be done by transferring the knowledge directly or by arranging meetings. So by following these steps explicit knowledge will be converted into more explicit knowledge sets and new knowledge will be created and spread among the organizational members. Editing of collected explicit knowledge will be used as a more usable knowledge. EXPLICIT TO TACIT: Explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge conversion is called as internalization. This is a type of knowledge creation in which explicit knowledge converted into organizations tacit knowledge and for this one must find knowledge relevant to ones self. Internalization follows two steps to achieve it. First is explicit knowledge should be embodied in the form of action and next step is actualization of explicit knowledge tactics and strategic. For example trainers in an organization face some situations to explain organizations members in such case first trainers should understand the explicit knowledge of that situation and knowledge will converted into tacit knowledge. So trainers should have to learn knowledge and converts the explicit knowledge into his tacit knowledge first. Ba: In knowledge creation Ba model also have an important concept based on four characteristics of ba, as shown in below diagram As shown in above diagram clear explained about knowledge creation in Ba phases by using four specific characteristics, they are Originating Ba Interaction Ba Cyber Ba Exercising Ba Organization Ba: This phase involves sharing of knowledge with emotions, experience by the individuals in an organization. This can be represented as socialization. Face to face interactions with experience place a vital role between individuals. The key factor to transfer tacit knowledge is experience in any organization. Interacting Ba: Interaction Ba characteristic deals with tacit knowledge transformation into explicit knowledge. This phase represents externalization. Expert level communication, personal skills and dialogue are key roles in this phase of Ba for knowledge transformation into explicit. Selecting people with some specialized knowledge will be done to do so in an organization. Cyber Ba: Cyber Ba represents combination phase and in this characteristic interaction plays a vital role. In this explicit knowledge combines with the explicit information and creates a new explicit knowledge. Knowledge which is combined will be utilized in an organization in the form of document or database. Exercising Ba: In this phase explicit knowledge converted into tacit knowledge. This phase is also called as internalization. Trainers in an organization face situations like continue exercises to train people. In such situations trainers feel stress and that will turns to learn explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge for them. Different characteristics of Ba phase show a successful knowledge creation in an organization. Knowledge, which is created with-in ba will turn into tacit and process will go on in a cyclic way. So in this way initially tacit knowledge turns into explicit knowledge and then turns into tacit knowledge again. http://home.business.utah.edu/actme/7410/Nonaka%201998.pdf RESEARCH PROCESS: KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN SOFTWARE ORGANIZATION: Knowledge is not visible. It tie-up with customers and relationship with customer. Software industries depend on resources and for this knowledge management is required. Knowledge management assigns right to the right persons. In a survey it is found that An average organization stores 26 percent of knowledge in the form of papers, 20 percent in digital way and 42 percent of knowledge management stored in employees heads. So incase if any damage occur and if any resource lost, I such case human recourses of knowledge play main role to get back information. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE: Knowledge management differs from one organization to other in practice. According to M D Agarwal A knowledge management practices that encompasses end to end processes owned by a department can go a long way towards boosting productivity. In practice knowledge management is a highly effected part to capture knowledge between different skill sets. In India as services of organization has huge number of software professional. So employees input information extremely responsible for organizational growth in practice. Knowledge management practice need some key factors to achieve and the factor issues are listed below Knowledge: In this factor first searching will done for vital knowledge, next process will be done how to use it in an organization. Human and organization factors: human roles and personal skills will help in this view and organizational requirements to develop knowledge sharing between members. Learning and improvement: in this point individuals have to learn new things in the organization and try to improve in better way to achieve good results. Key processes: business improvement way process by using knowledge process should be followed. Tools and techniques: tools are major techniques to know situations in a better understandable way to the knowledge management users. Examples and cases: Practice experiences give more clear explanation in organization and cases to learn from them. Learning and improvement: learning skills need to be known in organization to get own experience. http://www.skyrme.com/services/kmpract.htm KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Experience of the people working for the company: Human cannot take advantage of information unless it is connected to any software as an information resource. People having expert level experience in a company will play an important role for the organization because they can transfer the information very easily as they have experience how to deal with the situation. So they can communicate easily face to face with any staff of the company and easily transfer the information even if there is any tacit information is present. Problem solving situations can be easily faced by the experience people. Learning skills of the individuals will be developed in multi tasking and multi-faceted. Employees commitment and goals of the company: Company having proper goals achieve good results. The main goals of any company would be money, travel, promotion etc. Most important commitment factor in any company is motivation. Buchannan defines motivation as an internal psychological process which starts, directs, and supports goal directed behaviour. In many engineering projects there will be a question often occurs is how to get people interested in project. So the answer is diffidently motivation. Motivation will keep people interest towards goal in any company to avoid difficulties. Commitment of the individual staff members turns the people to work hard to achieve desired goals in any company. So by the above discussion it can be conformed that commitment of individual team members and goals leads to technology success and to get the required knowledge. Interaction between people working in the company: Tacit knowledge must need to be interacting with the other people for knowledge conversation in a company. Interaction between team members should be clear and face to face. One must able to interact with any staff in the company. Every individual is responsible for the company and each one is working for company in different way, so there should be clear communication with each other to communicate. So key point in this interaction between people working in the company is face to face interaction to transfer tacit information. http://www.thestep.gr/trainmor/dat/%7B920e1adf-df3b-483f-a670-7184ed1a59e6%7D/article.pdf IMPLEMENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: Knowledge management information varies from one company to other company and one country to other country. It will change as per the requirement in any organization as well as place. Here some points that are used while implementing knowledge management Planning is initial thing in any organization to acquire knowledge management. Organization must have capability to take risk, Knowledge management users should have proper support and good communication with management or higher authority. If any problem occurs at any stage, organization should apply some easier ways to solve the problem. Once the knowledge management is implemented, it needs to be checked regularly to know whether the plan is working or not. Most importantly knowledge management should have determination and storing knowledge capacity of knowledge Initially organization may not get the results as quickly as expected. It may take some time to return knowledge management investment. Organization should have to keep in mind about predefined outputs and proper updates before knowledge management use. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT WITHIN TECHNOLOGY FIRM: Knowledge management mainly depends on three concepts Experience Commitment Interaction Experience: It describes the quality and the quantity of the knowledge management and experience is a largely using method to transfer information in a better understanding way. People having experience about the knowledge can easily communicate with others. So this is mainly considered with memory system. Commitment: In any organization commitment is crucial part for the knowledge management. Team members of organization have to take commitment to achieve the goals which is needed, and staff has to take task to do well with commitment. So this issue mainly belongs to motivational part. Interaction: interaction between the people is the responsible for knowledge transformation in an organization or company, if the interaction is good between team members then automatically information will be transferred which is indirectly works as a part of knowledge improvement. So this issue is a part of interaction system. Example: let us consider a company which is having required level of experience, communication between team members is face to face and it is good but commitment of staff and goals are neither in sufficient way nor effective. So as a result of company will not produce efficient outcomes. So knowledge management within technology firm should have above three experience, commitment and interaction concepts. If anything misses for any company then the desired result will not be produced. SUCCESS FACTORS FOR TACIT KNOWLEDGE: Human involvement factors play a vital role in tacit knowledge such as Personal interaction: person has to meet face to face for knowledge sharing. Good management leader as a role model for organization to follow by members. Good human encouragement by the people in an organization. Motivation rewards and hopes. Relation should be good between sender and receiver when knowledge is in sharing. Such as trust and openness. Knowledge Management from Yaw Chooi Fun ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TACIT: Advantages: it is very important in knowledge management because overall information and benefits come from tacit knowledge only. Tacit knowledge tends to transfer knowledge directly from one person to another, later knowledge play vital role. Tacit knowledge returns great investment and it increases workplace efficiency. Tacit knowledge is canter of the research in knowledge management. In a company usage of tacit knowledge is the main source compare to competitive knowledge. Tacit knowledge is not much expensive and it is easy and it leads to employee satisfaction and motivation. Information is secured in an organization. Disadvantages: the main disadvantage in tacit knowledge is knowledge transformation. Knowledge will remains in tacit stage in knowledge is not transformed. To transform tacit knowledge need some experience and skillful person. Tacit information may remain in tacit stage if individuals not share the information. Face to face interaction shares the information only with one person at a time and other individuals need some time to gather tacit information. And one of the most disadvantages is that once tacit knowledge leaves it may convert into tacit again, in organization it will cause a huge damage. Tacit knowledge cannot be found in the form of document. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVATAGES OF EXPLICIT: Advantages: One of the main advantages in explicit knowledge is that, it can be found in the form of document or data and it can be used in an easy way. Information can be transferred quickly without any time waiting process. Knowledge transfer is made easy one to other in an organization. Information can be articulated in an organization systematically. Knowledge can be improved in further way explicit for learning. Disadvantages: the main disadvantage in explicit knowledge is information may not secure, as the information passes to many people. Information should remain within the boundaries. Many organizations need some expert to articulate knowledge, every individual may not have required skill to articulate in the organization. Documentations or database should be maintained securely because explicit knowledge may be codified as it is also available in documentation.

Essay --

Architecture without Architects Throughout time, the Roma settlements were perceived as 'the unknown' that might put at risk 'the known'. Therefore they are shoved to the edges of cities, as well as of society we live in. They become the slums we want to get rid of, by reshaping them according to our own expression of living. The examples of designs for Roma settlements were carried out using our techniques and regulations, without recognizing an imminent need for 'different'. The 'different' within a formal Modernist architecture was challenged through the means of various movements that were searching for alternative architectural practices. A relevant example is of the artist-architect Constant Nieuwenhuys, that took an interest in the organization of a Gypsy camp - that later became his first models in a series of maquettes of an utopian city prototype called 'New Babylon' - one shared residence, with moveable elements that allow for an-ever changing layout to respond to the inhabitants' needs; a symbol of temporality and an architecture that would instigate a transformation of daily reality. In this way, the Gypsy camps and the nomadism itself encouraged to explore new extents of architectural practice. Another example is of the architect Georges Candilis who designed a Gypsy settlement at the periphery of the French town of Avignon: "It was a very hard problem. The notion of ownership is entirely different in these people. The houses are inhabited in turn by different families. My design comprised four rings of 20 apartments each, a school and a social/cultural center. In the end, after 20 years without maintenance, these buildings fell to ruins and were torn down." His last statement appeared to reveal the temporality of mo... ...ovide a more pleasing atmosphere for the whole community. The installation at the Venice Biennale, and its later award of the Golden Lion, unveils that the architecture community is ready to contemplate the experience of Torre David, as an opportunity to learn and apply the acquired knowledge into daily practice and understanding. Coming back to the topic of Roma, we are facing the paradox - to focus not on how to reshape Roma habitation according to our way of living, but rather how to learn from them and even apply some of their practices to our formal living. What did seem repulsive or disturbing might turn into positive practical lessons of temporality and change, flexible habitation, recycling and community life. 1 Rory Stott, www.archdaily.com, 07.02.2013 2 Installation by Urban Think Tank, Justin McGuirk and Iwan Baan, Venice Biennale of Architecture 2011/2012

Henri Fayol Introduction

Henri Fyol : One of the first persons to sit down and try to work out what managers do (and what they should do) was a Frenchman called Henri Fayol. Fayol was a mining engineer who became the managing director of an ailing coal mining firm and turned it into a highly successful coal and steel business. All this took place between 1888 and 1918, when he retired. In 1916, after many years of thinking about the job of the manager, he published a small book called General and Industrial Management.Henry Fayol was years ahead of his time in linking strategy and organizational theory and in emphasizing the need for management development and the qualities of leadership. Igor Ansoff, in Corporate Strategy (1965) said that Fayol ‘anticipated imaginatively and soundly most of the more recent analyses of modern business practice,’ although Peter Drucker in his great compendium Management: Tasks, Responsibilities and Practice (1973), criticized the application of Fayol’s fun ctional approach to larger and more complex organizations than the one he knew and managed.Oddly enough, it was years before a translation appeared in English, even though it contains a great deal of wisdom and sense. Part of the book deals with the ‘elements’ or ‘functions’ of management, and Fayol identifies five such functions. They are: †¢ Forecasting and Planning †¢ Organizing †¢ Command †¢ Co-ordination †¢ Control From his own long experience in Industry, Fayol identified fourteen General Principles of Management, or guidelines, and he emphasized that these are not rigid but have to be adapted to suit the particular needs of the situation.

Cash for Clunkers Details

Cash for Clunkers Details Question: How does the Cash for Clunkers program work? Cash for Clunkers is a federal program designed to stimulate U.S. auto sales and help the environment by providing an economic incentive for consumers to replace old, low-mileage vehicles with new, fuel-efficient models that are safer and emit less pollution and fewer greenhouse gases. Answer: The basic concept is simple: if you trade in a low-mileage vehicle for one that meets a higher mileage threshold set by the Cash for Clunkers program, the government will provide up to $4,500 to help you purchase the new fuel-efficient vehicle. The details, of course, are more complicated. Under the Cash for Clunkers bill passed by Congress in June 2009, the passenger car you trade in must meet two criteria: The car has been registered and in use for at least a year (this provision prevents people from buying an old beater from a junkyard and trading it in for a new car);The vehicle must have a combined city and highway fuel-economy rating of 18 mpg or less.To qualify for the Cash for Clunkers program, the new car must be priced at $45,000 or less;The new car must have a federal fuel-economy rating that is at least 4 mpg better than the old car you’re trading in to qualify for a $3,500 voucher, or be rated at least 10 mpg better to get the maximum payment of $4,500. The rules for trucks are a little trickier. For light- and standard-duty model trucks, which include most sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans and pickup trucks: The old vehicle must have a fuel-efficiency mileage rating of 18 mpg or less.The new vehicle must be rated at least 2 mpg better to qualify for the $3,500 voucher or at least 5 mpg better for the $4,500 payment. heavy-duty trucks The old truck you’re trading in must be rated 15 mpg or less.The new truck must be rated at least 1 mpg better to get the $3,500 voucher and at least 2 mpg better to qualify for the $4,500 voucher. work trucks The old truck has to be a 2001 model or older, and $3,500 is the only amount offered to help with the purchase of new work trucks. To compare vehicle mileage ratings for all model years back to 1985, see the interactive chart at www.fueleconomy.gov.

Ancient Rome-Roman Family essays

Ancient Rome-Roman Family essays Human nature leads us to be curious. Due to this we have acquired a thirst for knowledge about many aspects of life - one of these is the past. The city of Rome was founded in 753 B.C. By 275 B.C., it controlled most of the Italian Peninsula. At its peak, in the A.D. 100's, the Roman Empire covered about half of Europe, much of the Middle East, and the north coast of Africa. Roman society was generally stable and ordered, with a clear legal system and understood ways of doing things; writings from Roman times indicate this. There are many aspects of Roman society and culture, which provide essential insights into the everyday lives of this ancient society; family life is one of these aspects. Fathers arranged marriages for their children. Girls were often married when they were only 13, and boys were not much older. However, it was not uncommon for a girl to be married to an older man, even if he was twice her age. Marriages occurred for social, business and political reasons; alliances between noble families for political and dynastic reasons were very important. Considerations of property and social standing were more important than love. Many marriages were quite happy and there are quite a few written and archaeological sources depicting happy families with children, however, some were horribly unhappy and there are sources to support this also. As in most societies, the relationship between man and wife depended as much on the character of the individuals as on custom and law, but there was no doubt that a wife had to obey her husband. Yet we hear little of oppressed wives, and wives seem to have been fairly respected within their households, however this does not m ean that women were not oppressed. This is indicative of the fact that the majority of sources were written by men. Originally called by the Latin title of paterfamilias, the father evolved into the patron of Roman Republican and early Imperial society. The father...

Emerging risks from climate change Research Proposal

Emerging risks from climate change - Research Proposal Example The key characteristics of climate change are the following ones: ‘uncertainty, complexity and potential for dangerous consequences’ (Jubb, 2010, p.1). In a report published by the Parliament, House of Commons (Britain) it is noted that ‘the timescales of climate change is long and its extent is uncertain’ (Yeo, 2010, p. 110). In practice, it seems that high-emitting countries are likely to face more challenges when trying to control the effects of climate change – Saudi Arabia belongs in this category (Harman 2011). At the same time, not all countries worldwide are adequately prepared for handling emergencies related to climate change; in a relevant report of Ernst & Young it is noted that Saudi Arabia has not, yet, established rules governing the reduction of gas across the country (Ernst & Young 2009). Moreover, Saudi Arabia is among the countries that have not yet ratified the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (The Canadian Pre ss, 2011).

3D Computer Modelling and Animation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

3D Computer Modelling and Animation - Essay Example Consequently, games run on game engines that are equipped to accept user input and output the results by use of the Real Time Rendering to create 3D graphics. Real time rendering is a feature of computer systems that allows them to generate images or outcomes of the player’s action for the player in real time. On the contrary, the other forms of expression such as TV shows, films and movies are all rendered before the users request such that the user sees the exact content delivered by the programmer. This gives the programmers enough room to make these forms as complex as they wish. The movie Toy Story 3 is an intelligently designed movie with high complexity. The artists put in a lot of detail, time and effort to design the game. In fact, it is said that the least complex scene in the movie could have taken at least 8 hours to render each of the frame. Motion capture is a graphics feature used in the Toy Story game. Live motions are recorded and translated into mathematical terms that can be used. It consists of tracking the motion over time and bringing them together to develop 3D representation of the performance. Simply put, motion capture translates live perfomance into digital perfomance. Recent tv commercials have employed reinforced texts and small print disclaimers so that they can attract the atention of the viweres and hold keep them staring at the screen. The most crucial element in this is the ability of text and 3D modeled cartoons to be animated because moving graphics are mor attractive than static graphics. Animation in graphics was introduced in TV commercials in the 1940s, but it was limited in functionality because it relied on what was available from cinemas. In the p[ast five years TV commercials have included graphical elements that slide, float or move. They also include an illusion of a 3D to make the content appear to rise towards the viewer. This gives the commercial a more dynamic aspect. In

Psychiatric Hospitals in Ireland Research Paper

Psychiatric Hospitals in Ireland - Research Paper Example The call for uniformity of care for psychiatric illnesses has been fostered by several legislations across countries, and the current trend is to foster care increasingly in the community in collaboration with the family [2]. Despite that, there are certain conditions where there is a need to detain the patient in the mental health hospitals with forceful and involuntary admission, where coercion plays an important role. Admission against the will of the patient is an ethically unsound area of practice; and therefore law directs the process. Within the legal framework, the mental health professionals thus exercise their power to detain or incarcerate the patients with an adequate indication permitted by law. The problems or debates arise when there is observed diversity in psychiatric practice, and the heterogeneity of sociocultural environment and differences in professional attitudes towards mentally ill people, all may influence a decision regarding involuntary admission [3]. This has been contributed to by lack of reliable markers of psychiatric diagnoses and management plan for them. The admission to a psychiatric healthcare facility in Ireland may be involuntary, although till now, the vast majority of such admissions are voluntary. Involuntary admission means the patient does not freely agree for the treatment or admission to an inpatient psychiatric unit. The other part of such admission may be that even though the patient agrees for a voluntary admission, there may be detention of these patients into the units in that they are not completely free to leave psychiatric care on their free will. Thus this leads to a detention beyond volition, and detailed rules, regulations, and laws guide such principles. The Irish mental health policies regarding involuntary admission or detention are governed by the Irish Mental Health Act of 2001 and have been in full implementation since November 2006 and all psychiatric facilities including public and private are under its regulations. According to this act, the psychiatric hospitals and units need to be registered as appr oved psychiatric centres, and those hospitals and inpatient units which were providing care to people with psychiatric illnesses at the time of implementation of this law will be considered approved by November 2009. The mental health act 2001 sets out the criteria for involuntary admission to these approved centres for persons suffering from mental disorders. This act also creates provision for independent review of the involuntary admissions of such persons [4]. In a short summary, this act recommends involuntary admissions and detention in an approved psychiatric centre due to psychiatric disorder. The main scenarios or conditions that may cause involuntary admission are personality disorder, social deviance, drug addiction, and intoxication. Although psychiatric patients have their own rights, this act implies that involuntary admission is for the patients' own interests in care and treatment through appropriate examination findings of the psychiatrists, where all information will be revealed to the patients, and in case of incoherence, the tribunal may review such decisions where sometimes the court of law may interfere if appeals are made. These principles are also

Change and Culture Case Study Essay Example for Free

Change and Culture Case Study Essay In tough economic times, companies are looking for ways to continue to provide services and products to the public without compromising quality and efficiency. When it comes to smaller businesses, or businesses that provide the same product or service, it is often wise to merge the companies together to form a stronger, more stable structure. This will take place when Frithsen Physical Therapy merges with Select Physical Therapy. Select Physical Therapy is a national corporation that provides physical therapy as well as aquatic therapy, occupational therapy, athletic training outreach and long-term care services. For the past decade Frithsen Physical Therapy has seen Select Physical Therapy as a fierce competitor that provides less than quality care to its patients. Frithsen Physical Therapy has been well known in the community for providing care in a professional and personal way. Many employees are afraid that merging with a large corporation will change the way they work, causing the quality of patient care to decrease. Middle managers will become essential before, during, and after the merge to ensure that every employee from each company understands the vision for the new corporation and is willing to compromise to make it a reality. The combining of two companies is no easy task and will change the shape and culture of both companies, until a new one is born. Processes such as communication, hiring, patient care and record keeping will change to accommodate the growing corporation, in hopes it will become more effective than either company was on its own. Merging two companies is a delicate procedure, requiring compromise and patience. Each company has built a certain culture over its existence, and each one believes that their culture is best. In reality, each company has certain services or tasks that they perform better than the other. In the instance of Select Physical Therapy merging with Frithsen Physical Therapy, the culture of the new, combined company will be similar to the cultures put in place by each company separately. However, it is important to create a new culture, differing from the previous ones, to promote a sense of teamwork and camaraderie. If this step does not occur, everyone will continue to work in his or her own culture, which becomes divisive, causing the company to be pulled in different directions (Sherrill, 2001). In the first phases of combining the companies, the culture may be fragmented, with each company holding on to what they know. Many of the employees will be wary of the changes occurring around them on a daily basis and may resist certain adjustments (Stanwick, 2000). A new atmosphere of open-mindedness and compromise needs to emerge for the blended company to be successful. When two companies are combined, there are bound to be differences of opinions between practitioners and administrators regarding polices and procedures. It is important to understand that each company brings something valuable to the table, and all ideas and opinions should be considered and discussed Avoiding a competitive stance will help employees from both sides see the positives of blending ideals and values, and ultimately encourage the birth of a stronger, more successful new culture (Stanwick, 2000). To successfully combine two companies involves cooperation from all levels of management. As a middle manager in a merging corporation, there are different strategies and skills that will be necessary to ensure a smooth transition. The most important strategy will be communication. Before the merger occurs, it is important for middle managers to understand the new beliefs and values that upper management desires (Bolton Lewis, 1998). Once middle managers understand the vision for the new company, they must pass it down to their employees. It is not enough to simply communicate the new vision; middle managers must begin practicing these changes immediately. Leading by example is the most effective way to produce results. The middle managers in most companies are more approachable than top management; therefore it is imperative that middle managers are on board with the new vision of the company and display this in a positive way. While the merger is occurring it is essential to build a team atmosphere, full of open communication, honesty, and teamwork. Each employee from both companies should feel as though their positions is important, and their cooperation is essential to the success of the forming company. Once the merger is complete, it is all about the new culture, staying visible, approachable, and communicating information early and often (Bolton Lewis, 1998). Aside from ensuring employees are blending well, it is important to focus on patient care. There will be changes implemented at every phase of the merger, but it is important not let misunderstandings, or issues within the staff affect the quality of care given to the patients. Once the merger has been finalized and integration is complete, middle managers need to assess their staff to be sure that each employee is doing his or her part to make the merge as successful as possible. If there are employees who are resisting the changes being made within the company, or not buying into the new culture and vision, it is necessary to evaluate the situation and decide what is best for the team and the company as a whole. Middle managers must not forget to consider the employees feelings when situation such as this arise. Often times, employees resist mergers because their identities are closely tied to their jobs, and they like to experience continuity of their identities. Giessner (as cited by Sidle, 2006) noted that mergers would challenge this continuity, leading to distress and anxiety from employees. When middle management can understand the feelings of their employees, they can be better equipped to handle issues that may arise by allaying fears or implementing strategies to make employees comfortable with their new roles. Even if all employees from both companies are comfortable with the combining of their two organizations, upper management has the daunting task of reworking its current systems and procedures to include the best strategies from each company. In the case of Frithsen Physical Therapy and Select Physical Therapy, the former’s employees will see the most changes. Frithsen Physical Therapy is a small corporation, covering New England, while Select Physical Therapy is a national corporation, encompassing more services and a variety of clinicians. Along with physical therapy services Select Physical Therapy offers occupational therapy, aquatic therapy, long-term care facilities, and a large athletic training outreach program. This will require managers from Frithsen Physical Therapy to be in charge of more people, and perhaps different clinicians than they are accustomed to working with. The shape and systems currently used in the company will have to shift in order to fit a larger scale of business and a more complicated hierarchy. The regional managers from Frithsen Physical Therapy reported directly to the President of the company, whereas the regional managers of Select Physical Therapy report to one of ten executive managers, who then report to the CEO of the company. The clinic managers of Frithsen Physical Therapy were able to see all of the employees they supervise on a daily basis, working side by side. With the inclusion of the vast athletic training program, they will now be responsible for knowing which athletic trainers report to their clinics, and what schools they are assigned to. There will also be a manager of athletic training services that they will need to communicate with about referrals and business relating to the relationship between the schools covered and the clinics in the area. Due to this more intricate hierarchy, the employees of Frithsen Physical Therapy will see a dramatic change in how they communicate with upper management. Under their old organization, there was a relatively straight path to the top, with only a few levels of management until they reached the President. Communication could be done easily by telephone or in person, and most employees had met each other face to face at one time or another. In the new organization, there will be a need for a more formal kind of communication. In organizations communication tends to be directional, moving upward, downward, diagonal or lateral (Leibler McConnell, 2008). Frithsen Physical Therapy was used to mostly lateral communication, discussing issues with other managers or sharing notes about a particular patient’s care. With the merger, the managers and employees will mostly be communicating upward, providing detailed reports to their supervisors, who will then provide reports to a higher supervisor, and so on. This will require attention to detail and more paperwork for the managers at every level, which will change the way the managers handle issues that arise within their department. With the inclusion of new services and a goal for comprehensive care, comes the call for new positions and alterations to old ones. A need for more middle management will arise, and more staff will be added to accommodate the growth of services while still maintaining exceptional patient care. In conclusion, there are many factors to consider when combining two organizations. It may make sense financially and logically to combine two entities that provide similar services. However, it is important to understand that not only will it be difficult to combine two cultures; it will also take time for employees to adjust to a new chain of command and new policies and procedures. Middle managers will play an important role in the blending of two corporations. They need to remain positive, lead by example, and possibly sever ties with employees who do not fall into line with new visions and ideas. An increase in communication will help make the transition successful, and ultimately all employees will reap the benefits from such a merger. References Bolton, J.M., Lewis, B. (1998, Jan/Feb). The challenge of merging and consolidating organizations. Journal of Management in Engineering, 14(1), 9-10. Academic Search Complete. Leibler, J.G., McConnell, C.R. (2008). Management principles for health professionals (5th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Sherrill, T. (2001, May). Creating a can-do culture. New Zealand Management, 48(4), 17-21. MasterFILE Premier. Sidle, S.D. (2006, August). Resisting the urge to merge. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(3), 115-118. Business Source Complete. Stanwick, P.A. (2000, Jan/Feb). How to successfully merge two corporate cultures. Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 11(2), 7-11. Business Source Complete.